???????????? ??? ??? ???????????? ?????????? – ????????

???????????? ??? ??? ???????????? ?????????? – ????????

??? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????????????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? – ????????? ????????????

???????? ??? ?? 4? ?????

????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ? ????????. ???? ??? ???? ??????????, ???????????? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ????????.

???? ? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????????? ?? ????????????? ??????? ?????????.

???? ? ???????? ??? ??? ? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????????? ???, ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ???????????, ??????????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????????, ???? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????????.

?? ???? ????? ?????????, ??? ?????????????????? ???????? ??? ?????????, ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ?????????, ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ??????????????? ??? ????????.

???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????????.

???????? ??? ??????????????????? ??? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??????????? ??? ???????? ?? ????????????? ??????, ???? ? ??????????? ??? ????????????? ????????? ???????.

???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????, ?????????? ??? ???????, ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???.

??? ??????? 1927-1929 ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????.^[1]

?? ??????????? ??? ????????????? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??????????, ???? ?????? ??????????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????.

??? ???????? ??????, ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????????????.

? ???????,^[2] ??? ??????????, ???????? ??? ? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ??? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ??? ? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????.

? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?? ??????????, ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ?? ????????????? ???? ???????, ???????? ??? ?????????.

?? 1974 ??????????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??? W. Eichhorn – A. Bauer – G. Koch «? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????????? ????????», ??? ???????????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????????.

??? ???????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????????? (?. ?. ??????, ?. ?. ?????????? ?.?.) ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ????, ??? ????????? ????? ??. ????? ??? ?. ?????? ??? ??????????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????????? ???????.

?? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ?????????? ????????, ?????????? ???:

«?? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????????????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ????????, ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????????,

?????, ??? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??? ???????????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ????????, ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????????? ????????, ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????».^[3]

????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??’ ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ???????????, ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ????? «?????????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ???? ????» ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ’50.

????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ’60 ???????? ???? ??????????????? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????????????????????? ???????, ?? ?????? ?????? ??????????? (?.?. ????????).

??????? ???????????? ???????, ?????? ??? ?. ?. ??????? ??? ????? ??????????? (?.?. ?. ?. ??????, ?. ?. ?????????), ??? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??????????, ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ????????????.

? ?. ?. ??????? ???????? ?’ ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????????^[4] (??? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ?????????? ??????, ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ????????????? ???? ??????????? ???????????), ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ??????, ???? ? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????????.

??????? ??? ? ????????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????????, ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ????????.

?.?., ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ????, ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?’ ????????????? ?? ??????? ?????????????? ??? ??????????? ???????????.

?? ???? ?????????, ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????.

???????????? ??? ??? ???????????? ?????????? – ????????

????????? ????????????

? ????? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ??? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ? ????????? ???????? ???????, ? ????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????????, ? ????????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?’ «??????????????» ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????????? ????????.

???????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? ????????, ??? ? ???????? ???? ????? ? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????.

?? ???????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??????^[5] ??? ????????????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ?? 1937 ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????????.

? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????????????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????????????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????????????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????,

? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??????????????, ? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????, ? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ??? ????????.

????? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ??????????? ??? ???????????.

???? ? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?’ ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????, ???? ?? ??????????? ???? ????? ???? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ?? ??? ????????????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? 6? ???????? ??? ?? 1928.

???????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???????????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ???? ?????, ?? ????? ?? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????????? ???????, ????? ??? ? ????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ????????????? ?????????.

? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ?? ????????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ?????????, ?? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ????????????, ?????????? ??? ??? ??????????????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????????????? ?????.

???? ????? ??? ???????????? ????????????, ? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ???? ????????????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????????? ????????????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????-????????, ??? ???????? ?? ????????.

?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??? ? ??????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??? ?? ??????????? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ??????????.

??? ???????? ??? ’20 ? ?????????? ?? ????????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????, ??????????????? ????????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???.

?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ????????????? ???????, ????? ?? 1923 (???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????????, ????????, ??????), ??? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ????????????????, ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????.

?? ??????????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???????????? ??? ?? ? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ??? ????, ? ????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ???.

?????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ’20, ????? ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????????? ?????.

?????, ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ?? ?????????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????.

?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ??????? ???? ? ????????? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????.

???? ? ??????????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ????????, ??? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????????? ????????.

?? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????????? ????????????, ?????????????? ??????????, ??? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ?’ ?????????????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??? ????.

?????????? ??? ??????????? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ??? ?? ???????????? ??????????, ?????? ?? ??? ???????????? ???????? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????.

??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ????????????, ??? ????????? ??? ? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????????????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????????.

??????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????????, ???? ????? ?? ??? ????????????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????, ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ????????? (??????????? ????????, ???? ?????????, ??????????? ????????), ???? ?? ????????? ? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ???????????.

?? ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ?????, ?? ???????, ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ????????.

??????? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ????????, ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????????? ????????????.

??????, ????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????, ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ????????, ??? ????????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????, ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????????? ??????.

????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ?????????-??????????, ??? ???? ????????????? ?????, ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?????.

? ?????, ??? ?? ????? ???? ???, ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????????????, ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ???????????????, ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ??????.

?????????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????.

? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ?? ??? ???????????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ??? ???????????????? ?????? (1900-1917).

?????????? ??? ????????, ??? ??????, ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ?????, ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????????????? ? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??? 1905.

? ??????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????????? ??? 1905 ??? ? ????????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??????????.

? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????????, ????? ??? ??? ???????????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? (??? ?? 1905 ?? ?? 1917), ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????.

?? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????????, ??? ???????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? (18? ????????, 2009) ??? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? 19? ???????? ?? 2013.

? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??????????? ??? ?’ ???????? ????? ???????.

?? ???? ?????????, ? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ?? 100 ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? 1917.

??????????:

[1]. «???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????????? ??????????? ???? ????», ???. «???????? ?????», 2005.
[2]. ? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????????????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? 1920 ????????? ?? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ??? ??????. ???? ? ?????????? ??? «???????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????», ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????????????.
[3]. W. Eichhorn, A. Bauer, G. Koch: «? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ????????», ???. «???????????», ???. 131-132.
[4]. ????? ??? ?. ?????????: «?? ??????? ??? ?. ?. ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ???????????», ????????? «????????? ??? ???????? ?????», ????. 1-2/2011.
[5]. «Russia has a Plan», by Kursky, ?????? Soviet News, London, 1945.

????? ??? ???? ????????????, ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???

???????????? ??? 5? ?????? ??? ????? ??? 2017