???????????? ??? ?? ???????????? ?????????? – ????? 3?
? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ???? ????
???????? ??? ?? 2? ?????
?. ? ??????????? ???? E??? – ?????? ????? ??? ??????????????
9. ?????????? ???? ???????? ??? E???, ????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ???????????.
????? ???????? ? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????, ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? A???? (????, ???????, ?? ??????) ??? ???? K????.
? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ????????? ??? E??? ??????????:
- ???? ????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????,
- ???? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? (???? ??? ?????? ??????????) ?? ????? ??????????????? ???????????,
- ???? ???????? ?????????,
- ???? ???????? ??????? ???
- ???? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????????.
???? ??? ??????????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????, ?? K???? ????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ?? ???????????????? ???????? ??? K???? ??? ???? ???????, ??? ???????? ??? 1980.
?????????????? ??? ????????? ??? 1989 – 1991 ?? ???? ??? ??????????????. A????????? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ??????????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????????????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????????????.
??? ????? ??????, ???????, ??? ????? ?? ????????? ?????????????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????????, ??? ? ???????????? ??????????, ????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????????, ????? ?? ?’ ????????? ??????, ???????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????????.
???????????? ??? ??? «??????????», ????? ??????????? ??? ??????????????? ?????, ??? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????????, ?? ???????????, ???????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ????????????? ????????? ???? ?? ???????????? ??????????.
H ???? ??? ???????????????? ????????? ??? ?????? 1989 – 1991 ??? ??????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ??? ?’ ??????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ?????.
? ???? ???????? ??? ? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????, ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???.
??? ?? ?????? ??? ? ???????? ????, ? ????? ?????????? ??????, ?????????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????????? ? ??????????, ????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????, ?? ??? ????????????? ????? ?????????, ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ??? ?? ??????????, ???? ???? ?????? ????????????? ?? ????????????? ????????.
? ????? ??? ?? ??????????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????????? ???????? («??????????? ???????») ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????????????, ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????????????.[1]
?? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????, ??? ?????, ???????????? ?? ?????????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ????. ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ? ???????????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????????? ??? ?????????????? ????? ?????????.[2]
? ???????? ???? ??? ??????, ??? ??????? ?? ??????????? ????? ???, ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ????????????? ??????, ?? ?????????? ?? ?? (??) ???? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ????????.
???????????? ??? ?? ???????????? ?????????? – ????? 3?
?? ????? ??? ???????????, ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????, ???? ????????????? ????????? ??? ?? ???????????? ??????????:
- ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????,
- ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????????? ???????,
- ???????? ??? ????????????? ??????????,
- ?????? ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????????????.
???????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ??? ??????? – ?? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? – ???????: ?????????, ?????????, ???????? ???.
??????, ? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????, ???? ??? ??? ? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ???????? (?????? – ???????, ???? ?? ???????????? ??? ?. ?. ?????)
?? ????? ?? ??? ???????????? ?????????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???, ???? ??????????? ????????? ????????????????? ???????, ????????? ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????????.[3]
? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?’ ?????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????????????? ???????? ??? ????????.
???????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??? ?’ ??, ?? ???????? ?? ?????????????? ????????, ???? ?? ???, ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????, ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ??? 1930.
H ???????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????????, ?? ????? ??? ????????, ????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????.
?? ????????? ??? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????????????? ??? ???????????? ????????.
— ??? ?????????????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????????????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????????????? ??????????? ??? ?????.
— ??? ?????????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ??? E???.
— E???? ??????????? ?? ???????????? ? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???????????? ????????? ? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? O????????? ?????????? ? ??? ??????????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????, ??’ ???? ??? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ?’ ???????? ? 70????? ??????? ??? E???.
???????????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? «??? ?????????????? ???????» ? ??? ????? «???????? ????????????», ???? ???????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????.
?? ?????????, ??????, ?? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? «???????» ???????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ???? E???, ?? ???????????? ??? E??? ?? ?????????????????????, ??? ?????????? ??? K???? ?? ??? H?A, ???? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? ????????????? ??????????? ???? K??? (?.?. ??? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?.??.).
H ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ??????????? ???? E??? ??? ??? ????????? ?????.
10. ? ????????????? ???? E??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????, ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????, ?? ?????????? ??? ??????????????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ????????.
??????? ????????????? ????? ??????????? ??????????, ???? ?????????-??????????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????????? ???????????, ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??? ????????? ????????? ??? ????????????? ???? ???????? ??? ????????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??????????????? ??????.
?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ??????:
— ??? ?????????, ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ????????.
— ?? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ????????????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????????, ???????? ??????? ??? ????????????.
— ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ????????????? ??????.
11. ? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ????????? ????? ??????????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ????????????? ?? ?? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ???????????? ??? ????.
????? ??? ?????, ?? ????????????? ??? ?? ??????????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???????????? ??????????, ?? ????????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ?? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????????? – ????????????.
????? ?? ?’ ?? ????????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?????????:
?????????? ?? ???????? ? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ?????????????????? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????, ????????????????? ????????? ???????????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????????.
???? ?? ?’ ?? ??? ?? ???????????? ????????, ? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??? ????.
?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??????????? – ????????????.
?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? 20? ???????? ??? ???? (1956), ?????? ?? ???? ???????????? ??? ????? ??????????????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ??????????, ??? ??????????? ??? ?????????????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????.
?????? ? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????????? ???????, ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????????????? – ??????????????? ?????? ??? 20? ????????, ?? ?????????? ?? K???? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???????????? ??? ??????????????.
??? ???????? ??? 1980 ? ?????????????, ?? ??? ???????????, ???????????? ?? ?????????, ??????????????? ??????.
?? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ?????????, ??? 28? ???????? ??? ????, ??? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????????? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????.
??????????? ?? ?? 4? ?????
??????????:
[1]. ?. ?. ?????, «??? ??? ?????????? ???», «??????», ???. ???????? ?????, ????? 45.
[2]. ???????? ????????? ??? E???, «???????? ?????????», ???????? K???????, ???. 542. «?????? ????????? ??????????????», ?. 31, ???. 183 – 185.
???? ????????? ??? ?’ ?.?. ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ?????: ???????????? ?? 15 ????. ? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????, ?? ??? ?????? ?? 4 ????. ??????? ??????????? ??? ??????????????.
??????, ???????????? ??? ??? ???? ????????????? ??????? ?? 56,6% ???? ????????????? ???? ??????????? ?? 500 ??? ???? ????????????.
??? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ??? 5? ???? ??? ??? 4? ??? ??????? ??? ??????????. ??????, ? ???????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? 20?? ?????.
?? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? 83% ??? ??????? 1909 – 1913 (???? ?????? ?????? 13%).
??????, ? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ???? ????????????? ?? ??? ????????: ????????, B/? (???????????), ???????, ?????, ???????, ???????, ???? ?????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ?? 79% ??? ???????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?? 75% ??? ????????? ???????????? ?????????.
? ???????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ????????????? ???? ????????? ??? ?’ ?? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????, ???? ??? ???????????????? ????.
H ???????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? 20% ??? ????????? ????????? (??? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????? 17% – 19,5%).
?? ?????? ???????????????????? (???????, ???????????, ?????????) ??????????? ?? 66,7% ??? ?? ??????????????? ?????? ?? 16,3% (??? ?????? ?? 12,3% ???? ?? ????????).
[3]. ?? 1913 ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? 11,5% ??????? ??? ???. ?? 2/3 ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????????.
? ??????? ??? 18?? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????????
?????, 18 – 22 ??????? 2009
?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????
??????: ???????????